Sargon II

A relief from the palace of King Sargon II depicts the king and, likely, his son Sennacherib. Image credit: Charlie Phillips

(reigned ca.721-705 b.c.)

   The founder of the Assyrian Sargonid dynasty and one of the more aggressive kings of Assyria during its last and greatest phase of expansion. The manner in which Sargon acquired the throne in the wake of the death of King Shalmaneser V is still somewhat unclear. What is more certain is that Sargon was an ardent imperialist and he spent almost his entire reign attacking neighboring regions and putting down rebellions within the empire itself. One of his most important foreign campaigns took him into central Anatolia, where he defeated a people called the Mushki, led by a king named Midas, perhaps the ruler who became famous in Greek mythology for his golden touch.

   Thanks to surviving portions of Sargon's annals, including carved reliefs of his exploits, a fair amount is known about his efforts to stamp out rebels, especially in the regions bordering Urartu (Armenia). The king of Urartu, Ursa (or Rusas), had recently been stirring up insurrections among some of Assyria's vassal states. And Sargon felt compelled to put a stop to this activity by invading Urartu. In about 714 b.c. he marched his army northward into some hilly, forested territory, which is vividly described in his annals:

   I directed the line of march into the mountains. They were high mountains covered with all kinds of trees, whose surface was a jungle, whose passes were frightful, over whose area shadows stretch as in a cedar forest, the traveler of whose paths never sees the light of the Sun . . . on whose sides gorges and precipices yawn, to look at which with the eyes, inspires fear. Its road was too rough for chariots to mount, bad for horses, and too steep to march footsoldiers over. With [a] quick and keen understanding . . . I had my men carry mighty pickaxes . . . and they shattered the side of the high mountain . . . making a good road.

One of Sargon II’s “Nimrud Prisms”

 Image credit: Daderot 

Eventually the Assyrians found King Ursa and his army in a sheltered valley, where a battle ensued. Sargon was victorious, and his men chased the enemy from the field:

   I cut down their army and broke up their organization. I defeated the armies of Urartu, the wicked enemy, and their allies. ... I filled the gullies and gorges with their horses while they, like ants in distress, made their way over most difficult trails. In the heat of my terrible weapons I went up after them.

   To discourage future rebellions in the region, Sargon ordered the burning of many of its towns, fields, and forests.

   Having secured the northern flank of his empire, Sargon turned his attention to the south, where the Babylonians and the Elamites were causing trouble. Supported by Elam, a group of Babylonian rulers from the Sumerian plains in the south, near the Persian Gulf, had ousted the local Assyrian governor of Babylon and claimed its throne for themselves. In response, Sar-gon led an army against a combined force of Babylonians and Elamites near the foothills of the Zagros Mountains, but he was defeated. And one of the Babylonian usurpers, Merodach-Baladan, reigned in Babylon, in defiance of the Assyrians, for several years. In about 710 b.c., however, Sargon was able to dislodge Merodach-Baladan, who fled to Elam.

 

Although often busy fighting his enemies, Sargon managed to find the time to build a new capital city with a brand-new palace. In about 717 B.c.hebegan work on Dur-Sharukkin ("Sargon's Fortress"), later called Khorsabad, originally a virgin site about 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Nineveh. His inauguration inscription, dating from several years later, reads, "For me, Sargon, who dwells in this palace, may he [the god Ashur] decree as my destiny, eternal life." Sargon's life proved far from eternal, however, because less than a year later he died trying to put down still another rebellion. His son, Sennacherib, and other immediate successors decided to abandon Dur-Sharukkin, which was sparsely inhabited for a time but then steadily fell into ruin.

Reference:

Ancient Mesopotamia dictioary. Don Nardo Robert B. Kebric. 2015.

Wu San-kuei

Wu Sangui, a military general during Ming and Qing dynasty ,Palace Museum Archive

​WU San-kuei 吳三桂 (T. 長伯, H. 月所 ?), 1612–1678, Oct. 2, general, founder of the short-lived Kingdom of Chou 周 (1673–1681), was a native of Liaotung where his family had migrated from Kao-yu, Kiangsu. His father, Wu Hsiang 吳驤(襄), T. 雨環, (a military chin-shih of 1622, d. 1644), served the Ming House as an officer guarding the frontiers in Liaotung against the Manchus. In 1631 Tsu Ta-shou  [q. v.], whose sister was the second wife of Wu Hsiang, was beseiged at Ta-ling-ho and was later forced to surrender to the Manchus. For his failure to go to the aid of Tsu, Wu Hsiang was dismissed from the army. But volunteering in the following year to fight the rebels who were under the leadership of K'ung Yu-tê [q. v.] at Lai-chou, Shantung, he was, after several victories, reinstated and given a minor hereditary rank. Wu ​San-kuei, having become a military chü-jên, also served in this campaign in Shantung with the rank of major. When Wu Hsiang returned to Liaotung (1634) his son must have gone with him, for in 1637 Wu San-kuei is mentioned in a memorial on military defense as in command of 1, 600 soldiers. Two years later he is referred to as an acting brigade-general in charge of reservist training camps (團練總兵) and in 1640 as full brigade-general at Liaotung (遼東總兵).

In 1644, when Li Tzŭ-ch'êng [q. v.] was pressing on Peking, Emperor I-tsung (see under Chu Yu-chien) designated Wu San-kuei P'ing-hsi po 平西伯 "Earl Who Pacifies the West", and ordered him to come to the rescue of the capital. Wu Hsiang, who had retired in or before 1637, was then living in Peking and was ordered to assist in commanding the local defenders. Wu San-kuei delayed in coming to the rescue of Peking; and, having learned on the way that the city had fallen to the rebels, turned back to Shanhaikuan, perhaps to await developments. It is commonly believed that he was about to surrender to Li Tzŭ-ch'êng who was holding his father (Wu Hsiang) as a hostage. But after learning that the rebel leader had taken his favorite concubine, Ch'ên Yüan 陳沅 or Ch'ên Yüan-yüan 陳圓圓, he decided to oppose him. Li personally led an army eastward to subdue Wu, thus practically driving him into the arms of Dorgon [q. v.], the Manchu regent, who was stationed with his army not far from Shanhaikuan. Wu besought the aid of Dorgon against the rebel and, for such aid, promised him additional territory. But Dorgon preferred to take advantage of the situation to effect the conquest of China—which had been his purpose in camping near the border. Pressed from both sides, Wu chose to surrender to the Manchus, and in return was invested by Dorgon with the title, "Prince Who Pacifies the West". They met east of Shanhaikuan on May 27, 1644, and in a few days their combined forces routed Li's large army in several engagements. As Li was retreating towards Peking he had Wu Hsiang and his entire family executed. Seeing the futility of defending Peking, however, Li evacuated it on June 4, 1644, and two days later Dorgon entered. In October, after Emperor Shih-tsu and the Manchu government had been transferred to Peking, the title, "Prince Who Pacifies the West", which had been conferred an Wu, was finally confirmed. At this time a message came from Chu Yu-sung [q. v.], the Ming prince at Nanking, conferring on Wu San-kuei the rank of Duke of Chi (薊國公), but Wu declined it.

For nearly thirty years Wu San-kuei fought for the cause of the Manchus and served them as an official. In 1644 he accompanied Ajige  [q. v.] in pursuit of Li Tzŭ-ch'êng to Shensi, Honan, and finally to Hupeh. After Li's death Ajige and Wu sailed down the Yangtze River to Kiangsi and returned to Peking in September 1645. For his share in these exploits, Wu was granted the title of Ch'in-wang 親王 or prince of the blood of the first degree, and was ordered to station his soldiers at Chinchow. However, not long after he arrived at the garrison post, he asked to be relieved of the title, Ch'in-wang, and his request was granted. 

Fall of the Chinese Ming Dynasty: General Wu Sangui opened the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhai Pass to let Qing Manchu forces into China proper. Source: Pinterest 

Source: Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, volume 2